The reflection questions for this task pertain to the tasks you completed for the NDCC Statistics Team. Provide a short reponse (0.5-1.5 pages) to each question below. If needed, refer back to the work you submitted for these tasks, or the resources you used during them.

1. Imagine that you were reading an article about a recent study on the effects of coffee. The journalist reports that researchers found evidence that coffee causes heart disease. Knowing what you now know about different research designs used in epidemiology, how would you interpret this statement? Is the statement accurate, or would does it need revision? Would you trust the article? If so, why would you? If not, what information would you need to know before you would be able to reach a conclusion about the association between coffee and heart disease?
   
   
2. A report recently came out ranking nations around the world on the average (mean) height of people in various countries. In the report is a table listing each country from highest average to the lowest, with rankings accordingly. Given what you learned during the statistics tasks, is this ranking system meaningful? Is all the information needed to make comparisons between groups included in the report? If not, what other information would you need to fully interpret the results? Would you trust the list as it is presented? Why or why not?
   
   
3. Imagine that you were having lunch with two researchers who were both about to complete their own studies on the association between eating foods that had been smoked (e.g., smoked turkey) and stomach cancer. One researcher is arguing that his study found a significant association between the two while the other is arguing that his study found no significant association. How might you go about questioning each researcher to explore the possibility that bias, confounding factors, or errors are affecting their study and influencing the different results? In your response make sure to distinguish between the different types of bias and errors that can happen.